The genre has been predominantly defined by its historical, ideological, and sociocultural context. In the 1970s, as genre theory came to the focus of academic study and the creation of a more specific taxonomy of genres was defined, gangster film started being distinguished from other subgenres, especially that of western. The rise and fall of a mobster in a classic gangster film is often a thematic trope. New Hollywood directors would be honored with 5 of the top 6 films on the list-1967's Bonnie and Clyde by Arthur Penn, 1972's The Godfather and 1974's The Godfather Part II both by Francis Ford Coppola, 1983's Scarface, a remake of the 1932 original, by Brian De Palma, and 1990's Goodfellas by Martin Scorsese. The genre was revitalized in the New Hollywood movement that followed. This was at least partly due to the limitations on the genre imposed by the Hays Code, which was finally abandoned in favor of the Motion Picture Association of America film rating system in 1968. Only 1 film made the list from 1933 to 1966, ( White Heat (1949)). The list recognizes 3 films from 1931 & 1932 ( Scarface, The Public Enemy & Little Caesar). The institute named it one of the 10 "classic genres" in its 10 Top 10 list, released in 2008. The American Film Institute defines the genre as "centered on organized crime or maverick criminals in a twentieth century setting". 2.2.1 The Godfather pioneering Italian-American Mafia films.
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